Ero sivun ”Kristityt luonnontieteilijät” versioiden välillä
Rivi 7: | Rivi 7: | ||
Raamatullinen maailmankatsomus on ohjannut tieteellistä tutkimusta myös korostamalla Jumalan vapautta luomistyössä. Koska Jumala on täysin vapaa persoona, hän on voinut luoda maailman sellaiseksi, ettei se vastaa ihmisen odotuksia. Tämä on tehnyt tieteentekijät avoimemmiksi pohtimaan vaihtoehtoisia hypoteeseja ja selitysmalleja, jotka eroavat vallitsevista tieteellisistä uskonkappaleista. | Raamatullinen maailmankatsomus on ohjannut tieteellistä tutkimusta myös korostamalla Jumalan vapautta luomistyössä. Koska Jumala on täysin vapaa persoona, hän on voinut luoda maailman sellaiseksi, ettei se vastaa ihmisen odotuksia. Tämä on tehnyt tieteentekijät avoimemmiksi pohtimaan vaihtoehtoisia hypoteeseja ja selitysmalleja, jotka eroavat vallitsevista tieteellisistä uskonkappaleista. | ||
== | == Kristittyjä luonnontieteilijöitä == | ||
[[Robert Boyle]] | [[Robert Boyle]] | ||
Rivi 73: | Rivi 73: | ||
|[[Image:Marin mersenne.jpg|70px]] | |[[Image:Marin mersenne.jpg|70px]] | ||
Hänet tunnetaan kirjeenvaihdostaan matemaatikkojen kanssa. Neljän vuoden ajan hän omistautui teologisten kirjoitusten laatimiseen: ''Quaestiones celeberrimae in Genesim'' ([[1623]]) and ''L'Impieté des déistes'' ([[1624]]). Nämä olivat teologisia esseitä ateismia ja deismiä vastaan. | Hänet tunnetaan kirjeenvaihdostaan matemaatikkojen kanssa. Neljän vuoden ajan hän omistautui teologisten kirjoitusten laatimiseen: ''Quaestiones celeberrimae in Genesim'' ([[1623]]) and ''L'Impieté des déistes'' ([[1624]]). Nämä olivat teologisia esseitä ateismia ja deismiä vastaan. | ||
|[[René Descartes]] (1596–1650) | |||
|[[Image:Frans Hals - Portret van René Descartes.jpg|70px]] | |||
|Descartes was one of the key thinkers of the Scientific Revolution in the Western World. He is also honoured by having the Cartesian coordinate system used in plane geometry and algebra named after him. He did important work on [[invariants]] and [[geometry]]. His '''Meditations on First Philosophy''' partially concerns theology and he was devoted to reconciling his ideas with the dogmas of Catholic Faith to which he was loyal. This attempt was, and is, considered unsuccessful by the Catholic Church so his philosophy is still considered erroneous in it. | |||
|[http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Descartes.html McTutor] | |||
|- bgcolor="#ffcccc" | |||
|[[Anton Maria Schyrleus of Rheita]] (1597–1660) | |||
|[[Image:Rheitalunarmap4.JPG|70px]] | |||
|[[Order of Friars Minor Capuchin|Capuchin]] astronomer. He dedicated one of his astronomy books to [[Jesus Christ]], a "theo-astronomy" work was dedicated to the [[Blessed Virgin Mary]], and he wondered if beings on other planets were "cursed by [[original sin]] like humans are." | |||
|[http://cosmovisions.com/Rheita.htm Cosmovisions] and [http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/rheita.html The Galileo Project] | |||
[http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/riccioli.html Rice University's Galileo Project] | |||
|- bgcolor="#ffcccc" | |||
|[[Blaise Pascal]] (1623–1662) | |||
|[[Image:Blaise pascal.jpg|70px]] | |||
|[[Jansenism|Jansenist]]<!--Jansenism is not classed as Roman Catholicism by Catholics and Pascal was placed on the Index for his religious views. That stated Jansenism is similar enough to Catholicism listing him as "other" is considered misleading--> thinker; well-known for [[Pascal's law]] (physics), [[Pascal's theorem]] (math), and [[Pascal's Wager]] (theology). | |||
|[http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Pascal.html McTutor] | |||
|- bgcolor="#ccffcc" | |||
|[[Isaac Barrow]] (1630–1677) | |||
|[[Image:Isaac Barrow.jpg|70px]] | |||
|English divine, scientist, and mathematician. He wrote ''Expositions of the Creed, The Lord's Prayer, Decalogue, and Sacraments'' and ''Lectiones Opticae et Geometricae.'' | |||
|[[A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature]] and [http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Barrow.html MacTutor] | |||
|- bgcolor="#ffcccc" | |||
|[[Juan Caramuel y Lobkowitz]] (1606–1682) | |||
|[[Image:Caramuel.jpg|70px]] | |||
|[[Cistercian Order|Cistercian monk]] who did work on [[Combinatorics]] and published astronomy tables at age 10. He also did works of theology and sermons. | |||
|[http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Caramuel.html McTutor] | |||
|- bgcolor="#ffcccc" | |||
|[[Nicolas Steno]] (1638–1686) | |||
|[[Image:Niels stensen.jpg|70px]] | |||
|Lutheran convert to Catholicism, his [[Beatification]] in that faith occurred in [[1987]]. As a scientist he is considered a pioneer in both anatomy and geology, but largely abandoned science after his religious conversion. | |||
|[http://dlibrary.acu.edu.au/research/theology/ejournal/aejt_5/Sobiech.htm Australian E-Journal of Theology] and | |||
[http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&lr=&safe=active&q=cache:6JVRTVzuffMJ:collection.nlc-bnc.ca/100/201/300/palaeontologia/03-03-14/2002_1/books/map.htm+%22Nicholas+Steno%22 Paleontologia Electronica] | |||
|- bgcolor="#ccffcc" | |||
|[[Seth Ward (bishop)|Seth Ward]] (1617–1689) | |||
|[[Image:Seth Ward (1617-1689).jpg|70px]] | |||
|Anglican [[Bishop of Salisbury]] and [[Savilian Chair of Astronomy]] from [[1649]]–[[1661]]. He wrote ''Ismaelis Bullialdi astro-nomiae philolaicae fundamenta inquisitio brevis'' and ''Astronomia geometrica.'' He also had a theological/philosophical dispute with [[Thomas Hobbes]] and as a bishop was severe toward [[Nonconformism|nonconformists]]. | |||
|[http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/ward.html Galileo Project] and [http://72.14.207.104/search?q=cache:co4nPD_3iY4J:www.philosem.uni-hannover.de/downloads/wallisdivine.pdf+%22John+Wallis%22+theological&hl=en&gl=us&ct=clnk&cd=4 University of Hanover's philosophy seminar] | |||
|- bgcolor="#ccffcc" | |||
|[[Robert Boyle]] (1627–1691) | |||
|[[Image:Robert Boyle.jpg|70px]] | |||
|Scientist and theologian who argued that the study of science could improve glorification of God. | |||
|[http://www.asa3.org/ASA/PSCF/1997/PSCF3-97Woodall.html ASA] and [[Stanford University]][http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/boyle/] | |||
|- bgcolor="#ccffff" | |||
|[[John Wallis]] (1616–1703) | |||
|[[Image:John Wallis by Sir Godfrey Kneller, Bt.jpg|70px]] | |||
|As a mathematician he wrote ''Arithmetica Infinitorumis'', introduced the term [[Continued fraction]], worked on cryptography, helped develop calculus, and is further known for the [[Wallis product]]. He also devised a system for teaching the [[Deaf culture|non-speaking deaf]]. He was also a Calvinist inclined chaplain who was active in theological debate. | |||
|[http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/wallis.html Galileo Project] and [http://72.14.207.104/search?q=cache:co4nPD_3iY4J:www.philosem.uni-hannover.de/downloads/wallisdivine.pdf+%22John+Wallis%22+theological&hl=en&gl=us&ct=clnk&cd=4 University of Hanover's philosophy seminar] | |||
|- bgcolor="#ccffff" | |||
|[[John Ray]] (1627–1705) | |||
|[[Image:John Ray from NPG.jpg|70px]] | |||
|An English botanist who wrote '''The Wisdom of God manifested in the Works of the Creation.''' ([[1691]]) The [http://www.jri.org.uk/ John Ray Initiative] of Environment and Christianity is also named for him. | |||
|[[University of California, Berkeley]][http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/history/ray.html] | |||
|- bgcolor="#ccffff" | |||
|[[Gottfried Leibniz]] (1646–1716) | |||
|[[Image:Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz.jpg|70px]] | |||
|A [[polymath]] who worked on [[determinants]], a [[calculating machine]], He was a Lutheran who worked with convert to Catholicism [[John Frederick, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg]] in hopes of a reunification between Catholicism and Lutheranism. He also wrote '''Vindication of the Justice of God.''' | |||
|[http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Leibniz.html McTutor] | |||
|- bgcolor="#ccccff" | |||
|[[Isaac Newton]] (1643–1727) | |||
|[[Image:GodfreyKneller-IsaacNewton-1689.jpg|70px]] | |||
|He is regarded as one of the greatest scientists and [[mathematicians]] in history. His scientific fame notwithstanding, Newton's study of the [[Bible]] and of the early [[Church Fathers]] were among his greatest passions, though he consistently refused to swear his allegiance to the church. He wrote '''[[Observations upon the Prophecies of Daniel and the Apocalypse of St. John]]''' ([[Nontrinitarianism]]). | |||
|[http://www.gutenberg.org/files/16878/16878-h/16878-h.htm Gutenberg.org copy of that book] | |||
|- bgcolor="#ccffff" | |||
|[[Colin Maclaurin]] (1698–1746) | |||
|[[Image:Colin maclaurin.jpg|70px]] | |||
|Proposed to explain [[Isaac Newton| Newton's]] [[differential calculus]] using [[Series (mathematics)|infinite series]] instead of Newton's [[Method of fluxions| fluxions]]. A [[Divinity school|Divinity student]], he had a Christian institute named for him. | |||
|[http://www.maclaurin.org/about_us.php The Maclaurin Institute] | |||
|- bgcolor="#ccffcc" | |||
|[[Stephen Hales]] (1677–1761) | |||
|[[File:Hales Stephen.jpg|70px]] | |||
|A [[Copley Medal]] winning scientist significant to the study of plant physiology. As an inventor designed a type of ventilation system, a means to distill sea-water, ways to preserve meat, etc. In religion he was an Anglican curate who worked with the Society for the Promotion of Christian Knowledge and for a group working to convert black slaves in the West Indies. | |||
|[http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/hales.html The Galileo Project] and [http://www.1902encyclopedia.com/H/HAL/stephen-hales.html 1902 Encyclopedia] | |||
|- bgcolor="#ccffff" | |||
|[[Thomas Bayes]] (1701–1761) | |||
|[[Image:Thomas Bayes.gif|70px]] | |||
|Presbyterian minister who wrote ''Divine Benevolence, or an Attempt to Prove That the Principal End of the Divine Providence and Government is the Happiness of His Creatures''. He is better known for [[Bayes' theorem]] and was made a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1742. <!-- The authenticity of the portrait is doubtful, but it seemed better than nothing --> | |||
|[http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Bayes.html McTutor] | |||
== Aiheesta muualla == | == Aiheesta muualla == |
Versio 25. syyskuuta 2010 kello 15.13
Oxfordin yliopiston tieteen ja uskonnon professori Peter Harrison kiinnittää huomiota siihen, että monet merkittävistä luonnontieteilijöistä tieteen historiassa ovat olleet kristittyjä. Heidän kristillinen vakaumuksensa ei ole ollut pelkästään heidän yksityinen mielipiteensä, vaan se on vaikuttanut heidän tieteelliseen tutkimukseensa.1
Oxfordin yliopiston matematiikan professorin John Lennoxin mukaan länsimaisen luonnontieteen parissa on ollut erityisen suuri merkitys kristinuskosta saadulla perusvakaumuksella, jonka mukaan maailmankaikkeuden on luonut älykäs ja kaikkitietävä persoona, niin että maailmasta on syytä etsiä järjestystä, jopa matemaattista kauneutta ja yksinkertaisuutta.2
Jotkut tieteelliset löydöt on tehty, koska tieteentekijä on edeltä ollut vakuuttunut siitä, että oikeiden yhtälöiden täytyy olla matemaattisesti kauniita ja elegantteja. Leibniz (1646–1716) johti optiikan alaan kuuluvan Snelin lain, koska hän uskoi, että luonto aina valitsee helpoimman ja suorimman tien vaihtoehtojen väliltä. Tämän metafyysisen periaatteen hän puolestaan johti teologisesta vakaumuksestaan, että Jumala on luonut maailman sellaiseksi, että siinä toteutuu maksimaalinen yksinkertaisuus ja täydellisyys. Carl von Linnéä (1707–1778) ohjasi luokittelutyössään teologinen näkemys, jonka mukaan Jumala on luonut organismit erillisiksi, luokiteltaviksi tyypeiksi ja lajeiksi. James Clerk Maxwell (1831–1879) johti valon kenttäteoriansa osittain teologisesta vakaumuksestaan, että Jumala on kolminaisuus ja että Jumala on tullut ihmiseksi.3
Raamatullinen maailmankatsomus on ohjannut tieteellistä tutkimusta myös korostamalla Jumalan vapautta luomistyössä. Koska Jumala on täysin vapaa persoona, hän on voinut luoda maailman sellaiseksi, ettei se vastaa ihmisen odotuksia. Tämä on tehnyt tieteentekijät avoimemmiksi pohtimaan vaihtoehtoisia hypoteeseja ja selitysmalleja, jotka eroavat vallitsevista tieteellisistä uskonkappaleista.
Kristittyjä luonnontieteilijöitä
Nikolai Kopernikus (1473–1543)
|
Katolinen pappi, joka loi pohjan aurinkokeskeiselle näkemykselle.
Michael Stifel (c. 1486–1567) | Loi pohjaa logaritmien kehittämiselle. Hän kuului Martti Lutherin varhaisimpiin seuraajiin ja kirjoitti raamatullisista profetioista. |University of Florida, Galileo Project at Rice University, and McTutor
William Turner (n.1508–1568) | Häntä kutsutaan joskus englannin kasvitieteen isäksi ja hän oli myös lintutieteilijä. Hänet vangittiin, koska hän saarnasi uskonpuhdistuksen puolesta. |Galileo Project
Ignazio Danti (1536–1586) | Hän oli Alatrin piispa ja matemaatikko joka kirjoitti Euklideen geometriasta, tähtitieteilijä ja mekaanisten laitteiden suunnittelija. | McTutor
Bartholomeus Pitiscus (1561–1613)
|
Hän toi sanan trigonometria englannin ja ranskan kieliin. Hän oli myös kalvinistinen teologi, joka toimi hovisaarnaajana Breslaussa.
|McTutor
John Napier (1550–1617) | Skottilainen matemaatikko, joka tunnetaan logaritmien keksijänä ja desimaalilukujen popularisoijana. Hän oli myös vakaumuksellinen protestantti, joka kirjoitti Ilmestyskirjasta. |McTutor
Francis Bacon (1561–1626) | Merkittävä englantilainen tieteentekijä ja yksi kokeellisen luonnontieteen metodin kehittäjistä. |Dictionary of the History of Ideas
Johannes Kepler (1571–1630)
|
Hän loi kosmokselle mallin, joka perustui uskonnollisiin lähtökohtaoletuksiin. Hänet tunnetaan erityisesti siitä, että hän muotoili Keplerin planetaariset liikelait. Se perustui Tycho Brahen tarkkoihin tähtitieteellisiin havaintoihin. Hän oli alun perin halunnut tulla teologiksi ja hänen kirjansa Harmonice Mundi käsittelee paikoitellen Kristuksne merkitystä.
|Galileo Project and Adherents.com and Joshua Gilder and Anne-Lee Gilder (2005). Heavenly Intrigue: Johannes Kepler, Tycho Brahe, and the Murder Behind One of History's Greatest Scientific Discoveries. Anchor. ISBN 978-1-4000-3176-4 (1-4000-3176-1) ISBN.
Laurentius Paulinus Gothus (1565–1646)
|
Tähtitieteen professori ja Uppsalan arkkipiispa. Hän kirjoitti tähtitieteestä ja teologiasta.
|Uppsala University
|}
Galileo Galilei (1564–1642) | Galieo omaksui Augustinuksne näkemyksen, jonka mukaan kaikkia Raamatun kohtia ei tule ymmärtää kirjaimellisesti, erityisesti kun kyseinen Raamatun kohta on Raamatun runollisissa kirjoissa. Hän piti ihmisen matemaattista ajattelua ihmisessä olevana Jumala nkuvana ja katsoi voivansa matemaattisen ajattelun avulla paljastaa Jumalan ajatukset maailmankaikkeuden rakenteessa. |Catholic Encyclopedia [1]
Marin Mersenne (1588–1648) | Hänet tunnetaan kirjeenvaihdostaan matemaatikkojen kanssa. Neljän vuoden ajan hän omistautui teologisten kirjoitusten laatimiseen: Quaestiones celeberrimae in Genesim (1623) and L'Impieté des déistes (1624). Nämä olivat teologisia esseitä ateismia ja deismiä vastaan.
|René Descartes (1596–1650) | |Descartes was one of the key thinkers of the Scientific Revolution in the Western World. He is also honoured by having the Cartesian coordinate system used in plane geometry and algebra named after him. He did important work on invariants and geometry. His Meditations on First Philosophy partially concerns theology and he was devoted to reconciling his ideas with the dogmas of Catholic Faith to which he was loyal. This attempt was, and is, considered unsuccessful by the Catholic Church so his philosophy is still considered erroneous in it. |McTutor |- bgcolor="#ffcccc" |Anton Maria Schyrleus of Rheita (1597–1660) | |Capuchin astronomer. He dedicated one of his astronomy books to Jesus Christ, a "theo-astronomy" work was dedicated to the Blessed Virgin Mary, and he wondered if beings on other planets were "cursed by original sin like humans are." |Cosmovisions and The Galileo Project Rice University's Galileo Project |- bgcolor="#ffcccc" |Blaise Pascal (1623–1662) | |Jansenist thinker; well-known for Pascal's law (physics), Pascal's theorem (math), and Pascal's Wager (theology). |McTutor |- bgcolor="#ccffcc" |Isaac Barrow (1630–1677) | |English divine, scientist, and mathematician. He wrote Expositions of the Creed, The Lord's Prayer, Decalogue, and Sacraments and Lectiones Opticae et Geometricae. |A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature and MacTutor |- bgcolor="#ffcccc" |Juan Caramuel y Lobkowitz (1606–1682) | |Cistercian monk who did work on Combinatorics and published astronomy tables at age 10. He also did works of theology and sermons. |McTutor |- bgcolor="#ffcccc" |Nicolas Steno (1638–1686) | |Lutheran convert to Catholicism, his Beatification in that faith occurred in 1987. As a scientist he is considered a pioneer in both anatomy and geology, but largely abandoned science after his religious conversion. |Australian E-Journal of Theology and Paleontologia Electronica |- bgcolor="#ccffcc" |Seth Ward (1617–1689) | |Anglican Bishop of Salisbury and Savilian Chair of Astronomy from 1649–1661. He wrote Ismaelis Bullialdi astro-nomiae philolaicae fundamenta inquisitio brevis and Astronomia geometrica. He also had a theological/philosophical dispute with Thomas Hobbes and as a bishop was severe toward nonconformists. |Galileo Project and University of Hanover's philosophy seminar |- bgcolor="#ccffcc" |Robert Boyle (1627–1691) | |Scientist and theologian who argued that the study of science could improve glorification of God. |ASA and Stanford University[2] |- bgcolor="#ccffff" |John Wallis (1616–1703) | |As a mathematician he wrote Arithmetica Infinitorumis, introduced the term Continued fraction, worked on cryptography, helped develop calculus, and is further known for the Wallis product. He also devised a system for teaching the non-speaking deaf. He was also a Calvinist inclined chaplain who was active in theological debate. |Galileo Project and University of Hanover's philosophy seminar |- bgcolor="#ccffff" |John Ray (1627–1705) | |An English botanist who wrote The Wisdom of God manifested in the Works of the Creation. (1691) The John Ray Initiative of Environment and Christianity is also named for him. |University of California, Berkeley[3] |- bgcolor="#ccffff" |Gottfried Leibniz (1646–1716) | |A polymath who worked on determinants, a calculating machine, He was a Lutheran who worked with convert to Catholicism John Frederick, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg in hopes of a reunification between Catholicism and Lutheranism. He also wrote Vindication of the Justice of God. |McTutor |- bgcolor="#ccccff" |Isaac Newton (1643–1727) | |He is regarded as one of the greatest scientists and mathematicians in history. His scientific fame notwithstanding, Newton's study of the Bible and of the early Church Fathers were among his greatest passions, though he consistently refused to swear his allegiance to the church. He wrote Observations upon the Prophecies of Daniel and the Apocalypse of St. John (Nontrinitarianism). |Gutenberg.org copy of that book |- bgcolor="#ccffff" |Colin Maclaurin (1698–1746) | |Proposed to explain Newton's differential calculus using infinite series instead of Newton's fluxions. A Divinity student, he had a Christian institute named for him. |The Maclaurin Institute |- bgcolor="#ccffcc" |Stephen Hales (1677–1761) | |A Copley Medal winning scientist significant to the study of plant physiology. As an inventor designed a type of ventilation system, a means to distill sea-water, ways to preserve meat, etc. In religion he was an Anglican curate who worked with the Society for the Promotion of Christian Knowledge and for a group working to convert black slaves in the West Indies. |The Galileo Project and 1902 Encyclopedia |- bgcolor="#ccffff" |Thomas Bayes (1701–1761) | |Presbyterian minister who wrote Divine Benevolence, or an Attempt to Prove That the Principal End of the Divine Providence and Government is the Happiness of His Creatures. He is better known for Bayes' theorem and was made a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1742. |McTutor
Aiheesta muualla
- Cambridge Christians in Science (CiS) group
- Christians in Science website
- Ian Ramsey Centre, Oxford
- The Society of Ordained Scientists-Mostly Church of England
- "Science in Christian Perspective" The (ASA)
- Canadian Scientific and Christian Affiliation about page explaining why they exist
- The International Society for Science & Religion's founding members.(Of various faiths including Christianity)
- Association of Christians in the Mathematical Sciences
- Secular Humanism.org article on Science and Religion
Viitteet
- ^ Peter Harrison: The Fall of Man and the Foundations of Science. Cambridge University Press, 2007. ISBN 0521875595
- ^ John Lennox: God's Undertaker – Has Science buried God?, Lion UK (2007)
- ^ Moreland, J. P & Craig, William Lane (2003) Philosophical Foundations for a Christian World View. Downers Grove, Ill.: Inter Varsity Press. s. 315