N. T. Wright

ApoWikistä
Versio hetkellä 13. heinäkuuta 2010 kello 05.35 – tehnyt Spectator (keskustelu | muokkaukset)

Nicholas Thomas "Tom" Wright (s. 1. joulukuuta 1948) on johtava Uuden testamentin eksegetiikan tutkija, joka toimii Uuden testamentin ja varhaisen kristinuskon tutkijaprofessorina St. Andrews yliopistossa. Aikaisemmin hän toimi toimi myös Englannin anglikaanisen kirkon Durhamin piispana. Hän on julkaissut akateemisen työnsä tavallisesti nimellä N. T. Wright, mutta populaarimmat teokset onn julkaistu vähemmän muodollisella nimellä Tom Wright.


Varhainen elämä ja koulutus

Wright syntyi Morpethissa, Northumberlandissa, Englannissa.

Hän kuuluu historiallisen Jeesus-tutkimuksen kolmanteen aaltoon. Hänen mielestään nykyinen ymmärryksemme Jeesuksesta täytyy olla yhteydessä historialliseen tietoon ensimmäisen vuosisadan juutalaisuudesta ja kristinuskosta. Hän väitteli tohtoriksi Uuden testamentin eksegetiikasta Oxfordin yliopistossa. Sen lisäksi hänet on nimetty kunniatohtoriksi Durhamin yliopistoon 2007 ja St. Andrews yliopistoon 2009.


Ura

Hän sai koulutuksensa Sedbergh koulussa ja myöhemmin Yorkshiressa erikoistumisalanaan klassiset opinnot.

Vuosina 1968 - 1971 hän opiskeli klassista kirjallisuutta, filosofiaa ja historiaa Exeter Collegessa, Oxfordin yliopistossa ja sai BA tutkinnon vuonna 1971. Vuonna 1973 hän sai BA tutkinnon teologiasta Exeteristä.

Vuonna 1975 hän sai maisterin tutkinnon Wycliffe Hallista, Oxfordin yliopistosta.

Vuonna 1975 hänestä tuli nuorempi tutkija Merton Collegeen, Oxfordin yliopistoon. Vuonna 1981 hän väitteli teologian tohtoriksi Merton Collegessa, Oxfordin yliopistossa aiheesta "The Messiah and the People of God: A Study in Pauline Theology with Particular Reference to the Argument of the Epistle to the Romans".

Sen jälkeen hän toimi Uuden testamentin eksegetiikan apulaisprofessorina McGill yliopistossa Montrealissa (1981–1986), ja sen jälkeen Uuden testamentin eksegetiikan luennoitsijana Oxfordin yliopistossa (1986–1993).

Vuonna 2003 hänestä tuli Durhamin piispa.

27 huhtikuuta 2010 hän ilmoitti luopuvansa piispan virasta elokuun 31 päivänä 2010 ja ottavansa vastaan uuden viran Uuden testamentin ja varhaisen kristinuskon tutkimusprofessorina St. Andrews yliopistossa, voidakseen keskittyä akateemisieen tutkimustyöhönsä.


Tutkimustyön vastaanotto

Wrightin tutkimustyö on saanut sekä tunnustusta että kritiikkiä monia erilaisia tutkimustraditioita edustavilta tutkijoilta. Jeesus-seminaarin tutkijat ovat kritisoineet häntä erityisesti Jeesuksen ylösnousemukseen liittyvistä näkemyksistä. Jeesus-seminaarin edustajan John Dominic Crossanin mukaan Jeesuksen ylösnousemus on ainoastaan Uuden testamentin kirjoittajien tapahtumille antama teologinen tulkinta. Wrightin mukaan Jeesuksen ylösnousemus on historiallinen tapahtuma, joka sopii hyvin yhteen toisen temppelin ajan juutalaisuuden maailmankuvan kanssa.


Maallinen utopia

Vuonna 2008 Wright herätti kiistaa sanomalla, että "… maallinen utopianismi perustuu uskoon, että ihminen voi loputtomasti tehdä maailman paremmamksi samalla kun hän uskoo, että meillä on oikeus tappaa syntymättömiä lapsia ja ylimääräisiä (surplus) vanhuksia ja leikkiä näiden väliin sijoittuvien ihmisten ihmisyydellä".

Regarding the Historical Jesus, Wright stands broadly in the tradition of Albert Schweitzer (thoroughgoing eschatology), against what he sees as the thoroughgoing skepticism of William Wrede (famous for his thesis on the Messianic Secret in the Gospel of Mark as an apologetic and ahistorical device) and the Jesus Seminar, Wrede's modern-day counterparts.[18] He tends to agree with and laud such scholars as E.P. Sanders and the lesser-known Ben F. Meyer (whom Wright calls "the unsung hero" of New Testament studies[19]), although he thinks Sanders and others go too far in their use of form criticism. He also thinks it is a mistake to say that Jesus expected the imminence of the end of history, as Schweitzer thought,[20] but rather thinks that Jesus spoke of the Kingdom of God as something both present and future. He has also defended a literal belief in the Second Coming and the resurrection of the dead as central to Christianity.[21] [edit] Windsor Report and later events

Wright was the senior member from the Church of England of the Lambeth Commission set up to deal with controversies that emerged following Episcopal Church in the United States of America's ordination of a practising homosexual as bishop.[22] In 2009 the Episcopal Church authorized consecration to the clergy of individuals in committed same-sex relationships. Wright described the action as a "clear break with the rest of the Anglican Communion" in a Times opinion piece.[23] [edit] Clergy involvement in civil partnerships

Wright attracted media attention in December 2005 when he announced to the press, on the day that the first civil partnership ceremonies took place in England, that he would likely take disciplinary action against any clergy registering as civil partners or any clergy blessing such partnerships.[24] However, in a letter to clergy in Durham diocese at this time he said: "I shall be very sorry if members of the clergy, by holding services of blessing or near equivalent, force me to make disciplinary enquiries". [edit] Human rights

He has argued that "Justice never means 'treating everybody the same way', but 'treating people appropriately'".[25] In August 2009, he issued a statement saying: 

   ...someone, sooner or later, needs to spell out further (wearisome though it will be) the difference between (a) the "human dignity and civil liberty" of those with homosexual and similar instincts and (b) their "rights", as practising let alone ordained Christians, to give physical expression to those instincts. As the Pope has pointed out, the language of "human rights" has now been downgraded in public discourse to the special pleading of every interest-group.[26]


Teokset

  • The Climax of the Covenant: Christ and the Law in Pauline Theology. Fortress Press, 1991.
  • Following Jesus: Biblical Reflections on Discipleship. Wm. B. Eerdmans, 1997 / SPCK, 1994
  • What Saint Paul Really Said: Was Paul of Tarsus the Real Founder of Christianity? Wm. B. Eerdmans, 1997.
  • The Challenge of Jesus: Rediscovering Who Jesus Was and Is. Hardcover ed. InterVarsity Pr., 1999 / SPCK, 2000
  • The Resurrection of Jesus: John Dominic Crossan and N.T. Wright in Dialogue. Ed. Robert B. Stewart. Paperback ed. Augsburg Fortress, Pub., 2005 / SPCK 2006 (co-authored with John D. Crossan)
  • Paul: Fresh Perspective. Fortress Press, 2005 co-edition SPCK, 2005
  • The Last Word: Beyond the Bible Wars to a New Understanding of the Authority of Scripture. Harper SanFrancisco, 2005.
  • Simply Christian: Why Christianity Makes Sense. Hardcover ed. SPCK, 2006 co-edition HarperCollins Pub., 2006.
  • Judas and the Gospel of Jesus: Have We Missed the Truth about Christianity? SPCK 2006 / Baker Books, 2006.
  • Evil and the Justice of God. SPCK, 2006 / Intervarsity Press, 2006.
  • "The Reasons for Christ's Crucifixion," Stricken by God? Nonviolent Identification and the Victory of Christ (ed. by Brad Jersak and Michael Hardin), 2007.
  • Surprised by Hope: Rethinking Heaven, the Resurrection, and the Mission of the Church. SPCK, HarperOne, 2008.
  • Jesus, the Final Days: What Really Happened. SPCK, 2008 / Westminster John Knox, 2009. (co-authored with Craig A. Evans) Ed. Troy A. Miller
  • Justification: God's Plan and Paul's Vision. SPCK, 2009
  • Virtue Reborn. SPCK, 2010. Published as After You Believe: Why Christian Character Matters through HarperOne in North America, 2010


Sarja kristinuskon alkuperästä ja Jumalasta

Six volumes expected: 

   * The New Testament and the People of God: Christian Origins and the Question of God. Augsburg Fortress, 1992.
   * Jesus and the Victory of God: Christian Origins and the Question of God, Volume 2. Augsburg Fortress, 1996.
   * The Resurrection of the Son of God. Augsburg Fortress, 2003.
   * Paul and the Faithfulness of God. - A full-dress study of Paul, currently in progress.
   * The Gospels and the Story of God. - The four gospels as theologians in their own right.
   * The Early Christians and the Purpose of God. -The practical, hermeneutical and theological implications of all of the above.

[edit] For Everyone series 

   * Matthew for Everyone, Part 1: Chapters 1-15. 2nd ed. Vol. 1. SPCK and Westminster John Knox Press, 2004.
   * Matthew for Everyone, Part 2: Chapters 16-28. 2nd ed. Vol. 2. SPCK and Westminster John Knox Press, 2004.
   * Mark for Everyone. 2nd ed. SPCK and Westminster John Knox Press, 2004.
   * Luke for Everyone. 2nd ed. SPCK and Westminster John Knox Press, 2004.
   * John for Everyone, Part 1: Chapters 1-10. Paperback ed. SPCK and Westminster John Knox Press, 2004.
   * John for Everyone, Part 2: Chapters 11-21. 2nd ed. SPCK and Westminster John Knox Press, 2004.
   * Paul for Everyone: Romans, Part 1: Chapters 1-8. 2nd ed. SPCK, 2004.
   * Paul for Everyone: Romans, Part 2: Chapters 9-16. 2nd ed. SPCK, 2004.
   * Paul for Everyone: 1 Corinthians. 2nd ed. SPCK, 2004.
   * Paul for Everyone: 2 Corinthians. 2nd ed. SPCK, 2004.
   * Paul for Everyone: Galatians and Thessalonians. 2nd ed. SPCK, 2004.
   * Paul for Everyone: the Pastoral Letters. 2nd ed. SPCK, 2004.
   * Paul for Everyone, the Prison Letters: Ephesians, Philipians, Colossians and Philemon. 2nd ed. SPCK and Westminster John Knox Press, 2004.
   * Hebrews for Everyone. 2nd ed. SPCK, 2004.
   * Acts for Everyone, Part 1: Chapters 1-12. SPCK, 2008
   * Acts for Everyone, Part 2: Chapters 13-28. SPCK, 2008

[edit]

Varhainen elämä ja koulutus

Wright has also received heavy criticism in some decidedly more liberal circles, e.g. by Robert J. Miller. In contrast, the Jesus Seminar's Marcus Borg, with whom Wright shares mutual admiration and respect, has co-authored with Wright the book The Meaning of Jesus: Two Visions. In 2005, at the Greer-Heard Point-Counterpoint Forum, Wright also dialogued with Jesus Seminar co-founder John Dominic Crossan on the historicity of Jesus' resurrection. Wright and Crossan, who also hold mutual admiration for one another, hold very different opinions on this foundational Christian doctrine. For Crossan, the resurrection of Jesus is a theological interpretation of events by the writers of the New Testament. For Wright, however, the resurrection is a historic event—coherent with the worldview of Second Temple Judaism—fundamental to the New Testament.[12] [edit] Secular utopianism

In 2008, Wright attracted controversy by stating that "…secular utopianism is based on a belief in an unstoppable human ability to make a better world, while at the same time it believes that we have the right to kill unborn children and surplus old people, and to play games with the humanity of those in between."[13] Times columnist David Aaronovitch challenged Wright specifically to substantiate his claim that any secular group does indeed advocate the killing of elderly people, adding that he believed the Bishop's comments to be "as close to a lie as makes no difference".[14] Wright did not respond directly to the challenge, but promised to do so if Aaronovitch would answer three questions of his own.[15] In response, Aaronovitch claimed to address Wright's questions, and called upon Wright now to corroborate his original statement as promised.[16] In an article published by The Times, Wright wrote in support of palliative care, and addressed Aaronovitch's criticism: "I said 'surplus' people. It might well be said that they are not 'surplus', but simply 'suffering'. Fair point, but once you legalise killing (or 'helping people kill themselves'), the key question will be: how do you know which people can be killed?'". Nonetheless, he added, "I stand by my (admittedly abbreviated) form of words".[17] [edit] Historical Jesus

Regarding the Historical Jesus, Wright stands broadly in the tradition of Albert Schweitzer (thoroughgoing eschatology), against what he sees as the thoroughgoing skepticism of William Wrede (famous for his thesis on the Messianic Secret in the Gospel of Mark as an apologetic and ahistorical device) and the Jesus Seminar, Wrede's modern-day counterparts.[18] He tends to agree with and laud such scholars as E.P. Sanders and the lesser-known Ben F. Meyer (whom Wright calls "the unsung hero" of New Testament studies[19]), although he thinks Sanders and others go too far in their use of form criticism. He also thinks it is a mistake to say that Jesus expected the imminence of the end of history, as Schweitzer thought,[20] but rather thinks that Jesus spoke of the Kingdom of God as something both present and future. He has also defended a literal belief in the Second Coming and the resurrection of the dead as central to Christianity.[21] [edit] Windsor Report and later events

Wright was the senior member from the Church of England of the Lambeth Commission set up to deal with controversies that emerged following Episcopal Church in the United States of America's ordination of a practising homosexual as bishop.[22] In 2009 the Episcopal Church authorized consecration to the clergy of individuals in committed same-sex relationships. Wright described the action as a "clear break with the rest of the Anglican Communion" in a Times opinion piece.[23] [edit] Clergy involvement in civil partnerships

Wright attracted media attention in December 2005 when he announced to the press, on the day that the first civil partnership ceremonies took place in England, that he would likely take disciplinary action against any clergy registering as civil partners or any clergy blessing such partnerships.[24] However, in a letter to clergy in Durham diocese at this time he said: "I shall be very sorry if members of the clergy, by holding services of blessing or near equivalent, force me to make disciplinary enquiries". [edit] Human rights

He has argued that "Justice never means 'treating everybody the same way', but 'treating people appropriately'".[25] In August 2009, he issued a statement saying: 

   ...someone, sooner or later, needs to spell out further (wearisome though it will be) the difference between (a) the "human dignity and civil liberty" of those with homosexual and similar instincts and (b) their "rights", as practising let alone ordained Christians, to give physical expression to those instincts. As the Pope has pointed out, the language of "human rights" has now been downgraded in public discourse to the special pleading of every interest-group.[26]

[edit] Selected works 

   * The Climax of the Covenant: Christ and the Law in Pauline Theology. Fortress Press, 1991.
   * Following Jesus: Biblical Reflections on Discipleship. Wm. B. Eerdmans, 1997 / SPCK, 1994
   * What Saint Paul Really Said: Was Paul of Tarsus the Real Founder of Christianity? Wm. B. Eerdmans, 1997.
   * The Challenge of Jesus: Rediscovering Who Jesus Was and Is. Hardcover ed. InterVarsity Pr., 1999 / SPCK, 2000
   * The Resurrection of Jesus: John Dominic Crossan and N.T. Wright in Dialogue. Ed. Robert B. Stewart. Paperback ed. Augsburg Fortress, Pub., 2005 / SPCK 2006 (co-authored with John D. Crossan)
   * Paul: Fresh Perspective. Fortress Press, 2005 co-edition SPCK, 2005
   * The Last Word: Beyond the Bible Wars to a New Understanding of the Authority of Scripture. Harper SanFrancisco, 2005.
   * Simply Christian: Why Christianity Makes Sense. Hardcover ed. SPCK, 2006 co-edition HarperCollins Pub., 2006.
   * Judas and the Gospel of Jesus: Have We Missed the Truth about Christianity? SPCK 2006 / Baker Books, 2006.
   * Evil and the Justice of God. SPCK, 2006 / Intervarsity Press, 2006.
   * "The Reasons for Christ's Crucifixion," Stricken by God? Nonviolent Identification and the Victory of Christ (ed. by Brad Jersak and Michael Hardin), 2007.
   * Surprised by Hope: Rethinking Heaven, the Resurrection, and the Mission of the Church. SPCK, HarperOne, 2008.
   * Jesus, the Final Days: What Really Happened. SPCK, 2008 / Westminster John Knox, 2009. (co-authored with Craig A. Evans) Ed. Troy A. Miller
   * Justification: God's Plan and Paul's Vision. SPCK, 2009
   * Virtue Reborn. SPCK, 2010. Published as After You Believe: Why Christian Character Matters through HarperOne in North America, 2010

[edit] Christian Origins and the Question of God series

Six volumes expected: 

   * The New Testament and the People of God: Christian Origins and the Question of God. Augsburg Fortress, 1992.
   * Jesus and the Victory of God: Christian Origins and the Question of God, Volume 2. Augsburg Fortress, 1996.
   * The Resurrection of the Son of God. Augsburg Fortress, 2003.
   * Paul and the Faithfulness of God. - A full-dress study of Paul, currently in progress.
   * The Gospels and the Story of God. - The four gospels as theologians in their own right.
   * The Early Christians and the Purpose of God. -The practical, hermeneutical and theological implications of all of the above.

[edit] For Everyone series 

   * Matthew for Everyone, Part 1: Chapters 1-15. 2nd ed. Vol. 1. SPCK and Westminster John Knox Press, 2004.
   * Matthew for Everyone, Part 2: Chapters 16-28. 2nd ed. Vol. 2. SPCK and Westminster John Knox Press, 2004.
   * Mark for Everyone. 2nd ed. SPCK and Westminster John Knox Press, 2004.
   * Luke for Everyone. 2nd ed. SPCK and Westminster John Knox Press, 2004.
   * John for Everyone, Part 1: Chapters 1-10. Paperback ed. SPCK and Westminster John Knox Press, 2004.
   * John for Everyone, Part 2: Chapters 11-21. 2nd ed. SPCK and Westminster John Knox Press, 2004.
   * Paul for Everyone: Romans, Part 1: Chapters 1-8. 2nd ed. SPCK, 2004.
   * Paul for Everyone: Romans, Part 2: Chapters 9-16. 2nd ed. SPCK, 2004.
   * Paul for Everyone: 1 Corinthians. 2nd ed. SPCK, 2004.
   * Paul for Everyone: 2 Corinthians. 2nd ed. SPCK, 2004.
   * Paul for Everyone: Galatians and Thessalonians. 2nd ed. SPCK, 2004.
   * Paul for Everyone: the Pastoral Letters. 2nd ed. SPCK, 2004.
   * Paul for Everyone, the Prison Letters: Ephesians, Philipians, Colossians and Philemon. 2nd ed. SPCK and Westminster John Knox Press, 2004.
   * Hebrews for Everyone. 2nd ed. SPCK, 2004.
   * Acts for Everyone, Part 1: Chapters 1-12. SPCK, 2008
   * Acts for Everyone, Part 2: Chapters 13-28. SPCK, 2008

[edit]

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