Muokataan sivua Robert P. George

'''Robert Peter George''' (syntynyt kesäkuun 10., 1955) on amerikkalainen oikeusoppinut ja poliittinen filosofi, joka toimii oikeustieteen professorina Princetonin yliopistossa. Hän luennoi perustuslain tulkinnasta, kansalaisvapauksista, oikeusteoriasta ja poliittisesta filosofiasta.

==Elämä ja koulutus==
George syntyi kesäkuun 10., 1955. Hän kasvoi Morgantownissa, Länsi-Virginiassa,<ref name=nytimes /> maahanmuuttaneiden hiilikaivoksen työntekijöiden lapsen lapsena. Hän sai koulutuksensa Swarthmore Collegessa(BA), Harvardin yliopiston oikeustieteen laitoksella, Harvardin yliopiston teologisessa tiedekunnassa (MTS in Social Policy), ja Oxfordin yliopistossa (filosofian tohtori).<ref name="witherspoonbio">{{cite web|title=Robert P. George|url=http://winst.org/fellows/fellows/robert-p-george/|website=The Witherspoon Institute|accessdate=September 23, 2016}}</ref> Oxfordin yliopistossa hän opiskelin John Finnisin ja Joseph Razin ohjauksessa.

==Akateeminen ura==
George aloitti uransa Princetonin yliopistossa tuntiopettajana vuonna 1985. Seuraavan vuonna hänestä tuli apulaisprofessori. Lukuvuoden 1988–89 hän toimi vierailevana tutkijana Oxfordin yliopistossa kirjoittaen kirjaansa ''Making Men Moral: Civil Liberties and Public Morality'' (1993, [[Oxford University Press]]). Georgesta tuli Princetonin yliopiston professori vuonna 1994 ja täysivaltainen professori vuonna 1999 samaan oppituoliin, jota olivat aikaisemmin hoitaneet [[Woodrow Wilson]], [[Edward Samuel Corwin|Edward S. Corwin]], Alpheus T. Mason, and Walter F. Murphy.

George on pitänyt yliopistoseminaareja länsimaiden älyllisestä historiasta yhdessä ystävänsä ja työtoverinsa Cornel Westin kanssa, joka on johtava vasemmistolainen älykkö<ref>[[Michael Eric Dyson|Dyson, Michael Eric]] (2015). [https://newrepublic.com/article/121550/cornel-wests-rise-fall-our-most-exciting-black-scholar-ghost "The Ghost of Cornel West,"] ''The New Republic'', April 19. Retrieved 2016-4-13.</ref> Kurssilla on luettu klassikkoja kuten kuten Sofokleen Antigone, Platonin Gorgias dialogi, Augustinuksen Tunnustukset, Karl Marxin ja Friedrich Engelsin Kommunistinen manifesti, W. E. B. Du Boisin ''The Souls of Black Folk'', Friedrich von Hayekin ''The Road to Serfdom'', Antonio Gramscin ''[[Prison Notebooks]]'', Leo Straussin ''Natural Right and History'', and Martin Luther Kingin "Letter from Birmingham Jail".

He is a former Judicial Fellow at the [[Supreme Court of the United States]], receiving during his tenure there the Justice [[Tom C. Clark]] Award.<ref name="witherspoonbio"/> He has served on UNESCO’s World Commission on the Ethics of Scientific Knowledge and Technology (COMEST), of which he remains a corresponding member.<ref name="witherspoonbio"/> He is a member of the boards of the [[Ethics and Public Policy Center]] (where he is Vice-Chairman of the Board),<ref>{{cite web|title=Board of Directors|url=https://eppc.org/about/board-of-directors/|website=eppc.org|publisher=Ethics and Public Policy Center|accessdate=30 September 2015}}</ref> the [[American Enterprise Institute]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Council of Academic Advisors|url=https://www.aei.org/about/council-of-academic-advisers/|website=aei.org|publisher=American Enterprise Institute|accessdate=30 September 2015}}</ref> [[the Becket Fund for Religious Liberty]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Board of Directors|url=http://www.becketfund.org/bod/|website=becketfund.org/|publisher=The Becket Fund for Religious Liberty|accessdate=30 September 2015}}</ref> and the [[Bradley Foundation|Lynde and Harry Bradley Foundation]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bradleyfdn.org/board_of_directors.asp |title=Board of Directors |publisher=Bradleyfdn.org |date= |accessdate=2015-06-27}}</ref> George is a member of the [[Council on Foreign Relations]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Membership Roster|url=http://www.cfr.org/about/membership/roster.html?letter=G|website=cfr.org|publisher=Council on Foreign Relations|accessdate=30 September 2015}}</ref>

George has served or serves on the editorial boards of ''[[Touchstone Magazine|Touchstone]]'' and the advisory council of ''[[First Things]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.touchstonemag.com/docs/navigation_docs/masthead.php|title=About Touchstone|work=touchstonemag.com|accessdate=30 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstthings.com/masthead|title=Masthead|work=First Things|accessdate=30 September 2015}}</ref>

George drafted the ''[[Manhattan Declaration: A Call of Christian Conscience|Manhattan Declaration]]'', a manifesto signed by Orthodox, Catholic and Evangelical leaders that "promised resistance to the point of civil disobedience against any legislation that might implicate their churches or charities in abortion, embryo-destructive research or same-sex marriage.".<ref name=nytimes />

Along with other public intellectuals, George played a key role in creating the "[[Theoconservatism|theoconservative]]" movement and integrating it into mainstream Republicanism.<ref name=Sullivan>Sullivan, Andrew. ''The Conservative Soul: How We Lost It, How to Get It Back''. New York: HarperCollins, 2006; ISBN 9780060188771.{{page needed|date=June 2015}}</ref> Much of George's work on religious liberty has centered on the idea that religion is a "distinct human good," which he asserts allows people to "live authentically by ordering one's life in line with one's best judgments of conscience."<ref>http://contemporarythinkers.org/robert-george/</ref>

George was threatened with death by pro-choice extremist [[Theodore Shulman]], who also targeted [[Priests for Life]] director Rev. [[Frank Pavone]], saying that they would be killed if the accused killer of Dr. [[George Tiller]] (a Wichita abortion-provider) was acquitted. For his crimes, Shulman was sentenced by Federal Judge [[Paul A. Crotty]] to 41 months' imprisonment, 3 years' [[United States federal probation and supervised release#Supervised release|supervised release]], and assessed a $100 special fee.<ref name = nydn>{{cite web |url=http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/abortion-extremist-faces-4-year-jail-term-article-1.1076120 |title=Abortion extremist faces 4-year jail term |last=Gearty |first= Robert |date=May 10, 2012 |publisher=''New York Daily News'' |access-date=June 27, 2016}}</ref>

== Ajattelu ==

Georgen ajattelu perustuu niin sanottuun luonnonoikeuden traditioon, jonka mukaan perustava moraalitaju kuuluu osaksi ihmisluontoa. Niinpä ihminen ei voi olla tietämättä perustavia moraalitotuuksia. Perustavat avioliittonormit kuten elinkäisyyden, puolisouskollisuuden ja sukupuolien toisiaan täydentävyyden normit ovat kirjoitetut osaksi ihmisen moraalitajua. Naisen ja miehen puolisouskollinen ja elinikäinen avioliitto turvaa myös lasten kehityksen ja identiteetin parhaat kehitysedellytykset. 

Georgen mukaan kaikki avioliiton ulkopuoliset seksuaalisuhteet ovat moraalisesti vääriä, koska niissä välineellistetään seksuaalivietti palvelemaan jotakin muuta kuin naisen ja miehen puolisouskollista rakkautta. 

==Teokset==

===Kirjat===
* ''Natural Law Theory: Contemporary Essays'', 1992. ISBN 0-19-823552-6
* ''Making Men Moral'', 1995. ISBN 0-19-826024-5
* ''Natural Law and Moral Inquiry: Ethics, Metaphysics, and Politics in the Work of Germain Grisez'', 1998. ISBN 0-87840-674-3
* ''In Defense of Natural Law'', 1999. ISBN 0-19-826771-1
* ''The Autonomy of Law: Essays on Legal Positivism'', 1999. ISBN 0-19-826790-8
* ''Natural Law and Public Reason'', 2000. ISBN 0-87840-766-9
* ''Great Cases in Constitutional Law'', 2000. ISBN 0-691-04952-1
* ''The Clash of Orthodoxies'', 2001. ISBN 1-882926-62-5
* ''Natural Law, Liberalism, and Morality'', 2001. ISBN 0-19-924300-X
* ''Constitutional Politics: Essays on Constitution Making, Maintenance, and Change'', 2001 ISBN 0-691-08869-1
* ''The Meaning of Marriage: Family, State, Market, And Morals'', 2006 ISBN 1-890626-64-3
* ''Body-Self Dualism in Contemporary Ethics and Politics'', 2007 ISBN 978-0-521-88248-4
* ''Embryo: A Defense of Human Life'', 2008 ISBN 0-385-52282-7
* ''Moral Pública: Debates Actuales'', 2009 ISBN 978-956-8639-05-1
* ''[[What Is Marriage? Man and Woman: A Defense]]'', 2012 ISBN 978-1594036224
* ''[[Conscience and Its Enemies: Confronting the Dogmas of Liberal Secularism]]'', 2013 ISBN 978-1610170703

===Artikkelit===
* "Law, Democracy, and Moral Disagreement", ''Harvard Law Review'', Vol. 110, pp.&nbsp;1388–1406 (1997)
* "Public Reason and Political Conflict:  Abortion and Homosexual Acts", ''Yale Law Journal'', Vol. 106, pp.&nbsp;2475–2504 (1997)
* "The Concept of Public Morality", ''American Journal of Jurisprudence'', Vol. 45, pp.&nbsp;17–31 (2000)
* "Human Cloning and Embryo Research", ''Journal of Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics'', Vol. 25, No. 1, pp.&nbsp;3–20 (2004)
* {{Cite journal|last=George |first=Robert P. |date=20 March 2009|title=He Threw It All Away |journal=[[First Things]]|url=http://www.firstthings.com/onthesquare/2009/03/he-threw-it-all-away |accessdate=20 July 2009}}

==Viitteet==
{{Reflist}}

==Linkit==
* [https://archive.org/stream/reauthorizationcivil00unit/reauthorizationcivil00unit_djvu.txt ''Full text of "Reauthorization of the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights: hearing..."'']
* [https://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/20/magazine/20george-t.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0 The Conservative-Christian Big Thinker, New York Times, Dec. 16, 2009]
* [http://www.ratzingerfanclub.com/George/ "Online Resources,"] collected by [http://www.RatzingerFanClub.com RatzingerFanClub.com]; lists links to articles, addresses and interviews, book reviews, etc.
* {{C-SPAN|robertpgeorge}}
* [http://touchstonemag.com/archives/author.php?id=68 Articles in ''Touchstone'' magazine]
* [http://www.ramlaw.com/content/robert-p-george Robert P. George's Robinson & McElwee profile]
* [http://www.encyclopedia.com/article-1G2-2284500076/george-robert-p-1955.html encyclopedia.com entry]