Muokataan sivua Robert P. George

'''Robert Peter George''' (syntynyt kesäkuun 10., 1955) on amerikkalainen oikeusoppinut ja poliittinen filosofi, joka toimii oikeustieteen professorina Princetonin yliopistossa. Hän luennoi perustuslain tulkinnasta, kansalaisvapauksista, oikeusteoriasta ja poliittisesta filosofiasta.

==Early life and education==
George was born on July 10, 1955. He grew up in [[Morgantown, West Virginia]],<ref name=nytimes /> the grandson of immigrant coal miners. He was educated at [[Swarthmore College]] (BA), [[Harvard Law School]] (JD in Law), [[Harvard Divinity School]] (MTS in Social Policy), and [[Oxford University]] (DPhil in philosophy of law).<ref name="witherspoonbio">{{cite web|title=Robert P. George|url=http://winst.org/fellows/fellows/robert-p-george/|website=The Witherspoon Institute|accessdate=September 23, 2016}}</ref> At Oxford he studied under [[John Finnis]] and [[Joseph Raz]].

==Academic career==
George joined the faculty of [[Princeton University]] as an instructor in 1985, and in the following year became an assistant professor (a tenure-track position).{{citation needed|date=June 2015}} He spent 1988–89 on sabbatical leave as a Visiting Fellow in Law at [[Oxford University]], working on his book ''Making Men Moral: Civil Liberties and Public Morality'' (1993, [[Oxford University Press]]).{{citation needed|date=June 2015}} George was promoted to associate professor at Princeton in 1994, and to professor in 1999, being named to Princeton’s McCormick Chair of Jurisprudence, a celebrated endowed professorship previously held by [[Woodrow Wilson]], [[Edward Samuel Corwin|Edward S. Corwin]], Alpheus T. Mason, and Walter F. Murphy.{{citation needed|date=June 2015}}

George founded Princeton’s [[James Madison Program in American Ideals and Institutions]] in 2000 and continues to serve as its director.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.philanthropyroundtable.org/topic/excellence_in_philanthropy/bringing_civic_education_back_to_campus |title=Bringing Civic Education Back to Campus &#124; Excellence in Philanthropy |publisher=Philanthropyroundtable.org |date= |accessdate=2015-06-27}}</ref> Since 2007, George has been teaching undergraduate seminars on leading thinkers in Western intellectual history with friend and colleague [[Cornel West]], a leading left-wing public intellectual;<ref>[[Michael Eric Dyson|Dyson, Michael Eric]] (2015). [https://newrepublic.com/article/121550/cornel-wests-rise-fall-our-most-exciting-black-scholar-ghost "The Ghost of Cornel West,"] ''The New Republic'', April 19. Retrieved 2016-4-13.</ref> readings have included [[Sophocles]]'s ''[[Antigone (Sophocles)|Antigone]]'', [[Plato]]'s ''[[Gorgias (dialogue)|Gorgias]]'', [[Augustine of Hippo|St. Augustine’s]] ''[[Confessions (St. Augustine)|Confessions]]'', [[Karl Marx|Marx]] and [[Friedrich Engels|Engels’s]] ''[[The Communist Manifesto]]'', [[W. E. B. Du Bois|Du Bois’s]] ''[[The Souls of Black Folk]]'', [[Friedrich von Hayek|Hayek’s]] ''[[The Road to Serfdom]]'', [[Antonio Gramsci|Gramsci’s]] ''[[Prison Notebooks]]'', [[Leo Strauss|Strauss’s]] ''Natural Right and History'', and [[Martin Luther King, Jr.|King’s]] "[[Letter from Birmingham Jail]]".{{citation needed|date=June 2015}}  The George-West collaboration—allowing only 18 students, many fewer than want to attend<ref>Robert George, 2015, "Conscience and Its Enemies: Confronting the Dogmas of Liberal Secularism," ''C-SPAN2:Book TV at Princeton University,'' March 21, 2015.{{full citation needed|date=June 2015}}</ref> — has drawn attention on campus.<ref>{{cite web|author=Eric Quiñones |url=https://www.princeton.edu/main/news/archive/S17/57/88S32/ |title=Princeton University - Wrestling with great books and ideas |publisher=Princeton.edu |date=2007-04-05 |accessdate=2015-06-27}}</ref> George is a Permanent Research Fellow of the [[University of Notre Dame|Notre Dame]] Center for Ethics and Culture.<ref>{{cite web|title=Permanent Research Fellows|url=http://ethicscenter.nd.edu/people/fellows/research/|website=ethicscenter.nd.edu|publisher=ND Center for Ethics and Culture|accessdate=21 May 2016}}</ref>

==Other professional and public service activities==
George is currently (December, 2015) of counsel to the law firm of Robinson & McElwee PLLC in Charleston, West Virginia.<ref name="robmac">{{cite web|url=http://www.ramlaw.com/people|title=Robinson and McElwee}}</ref>

George served from 1993-1998 as a presidential appointee to the [[United States Commission on Civil Rights]], and from 2002-2009 as a member of [[the President's Council on Bioethics]].<ref name="witherspoonbio"/> George was appointed to the U.S. Commission on International Religious Freedom by the Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives in 2012, and in the following year was elected to its Chair.<ref name="witherspoonbio"/>

He is a former Judicial Fellow at the [[Supreme Court of the United States]], receiving during his tenure there the Justice [[Tom C. Clark]] Award.<ref name="witherspoonbio"/> He has served on UNESCO’s World Commission on the Ethics of Scientific Knowledge and Technology (COMEST), of which he remains a corresponding member.<ref name="witherspoonbio"/> He is a member of the boards of the [[Ethics and Public Policy Center]] (where he is Vice-Chairman of the Board),<ref>{{cite web|title=Board of Directors|url=https://eppc.org/about/board-of-directors/|website=eppc.org|publisher=Ethics and Public Policy Center|accessdate=30 September 2015}}</ref> the [[American Enterprise Institute]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Council of Academic Advisors|url=https://www.aei.org/about/council-of-academic-advisers/|website=aei.org|publisher=American Enterprise Institute|accessdate=30 September 2015}}</ref> [[the Becket Fund for Religious Liberty]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Board of Directors|url=http://www.becketfund.org/bod/|website=becketfund.org/|publisher=The Becket Fund for Religious Liberty|accessdate=30 September 2015}}</ref> and the [[Bradley Foundation|Lynde and Harry Bradley Foundation]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bradleyfdn.org/board_of_directors.asp |title=Board of Directors |publisher=Bradleyfdn.org |date= |accessdate=2015-06-27}}</ref> George is a member of the [[Council on Foreign Relations]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Membership Roster|url=http://www.cfr.org/about/membership/roster.html?letter=G|website=cfr.org|publisher=Council on Foreign Relations|accessdate=30 September 2015}}</ref>

George has served or serves on the editorial boards of ''[[Touchstone Magazine|Touchstone]]'' and the advisory council of ''[[First Things]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.touchstonemag.com/docs/navigation_docs/masthead.php|title=About Touchstone|work=touchstonemag.com|accessdate=30 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstthings.com/masthead|title=Masthead|work=First Things|accessdate=30 September 2015}}</ref>

==Political activity==
George twice served as Governor of the West Virginia Democratic Youth Conference, and attended the [[1976 Democratic National Convention]] as an alternate delegate. George moved to the right in the 1980s, largely due to his views on [[abortion]],<ref name=nytimes /> and left the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]] as a result of what he saw as its increasingly strong commitment to legal abortion and its public funding, and his growing skepticism about the effectiveness of [[Great Society]] social welfare projects in Appalachia and other low income rural and urban areas.  George founded the [[American Principles Project]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://americanprinciplesproject.org/ |title=American Principles Project |publisher=Americanprinciplesproject.org |date= |accessdate=2015-06-27}}</ref> which aims to create a grass-roots movement around his ideas.<ref name=nytimes /> He is a past chairman of the [[National Organization for Marriage]], an advocacy group opposed to [[same-sex marriage]],<ref name=nytimes /> and co-founder of the Renewal Forum, an organization fighting the sexual trafficking and commercial exploitation of women and children.

George drafted the ''[[Manhattan Declaration: A Call of Christian Conscience|Manhattan Declaration]]'', a manifesto signed by Orthodox, Catholic and Evangelical leaders that "promised resistance to the point of civil disobedience against any legislation that might implicate their churches or charities in abortion, embryo-destructive research or same-sex marriage.".<ref name=nytimes />

Along with other public intellectuals, George played a key role in creating the "[[Theoconservatism|theoconservative]]" movement and integrating it into mainstream Republicanism.<ref name=Sullivan>Sullivan, Andrew. ''The Conservative Soul: How We Lost It, How to Get It Back''. New York: HarperCollins, 2006; ISBN 9780060188771.{{page needed|date=June 2015}}</ref> Much of George's work on religious liberty has centered on the idea that religion is a "distinct human good," which he asserts allows people to "live authentically by ordering one's life in line with one's best judgments of conscience."<ref>http://contemporarythinkers.org/robert-george/</ref>

George was threatened with death by pro-choice extremist [[Theodore Shulman]], who also targeted [[Priests for Life]] director Rev. [[Frank Pavone]], saying that they would be killed if the accused killer of Dr. [[George Tiller]] (a Wichita abortion-provider) was acquitted. For his crimes, Shulman was sentenced by Federal Judge [[Paul A. Crotty]] to 41 months' imprisonment, 3 years' [[United States federal probation and supervised release#Supervised release|supervised release]], and assessed a $100 special fee.<ref name = nydn>{{cite web |url=http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/abortion-extremist-faces-4-year-jail-term-article-1.1076120 |title=Abortion extremist faces 4-year jail term |last=Gearty |first= Robert |date=May 10, 2012 |publisher=''New York Daily News'' |access-date=June 27, 2016}}</ref>

George endorsed Texas Senator [[Ted Cruz]] in the [[Republican Party presidential primaries, 2016|2016 Republican presidential primaries]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://religionnews.com/2016/03/19/conservative-catholics-endorse-ted-cruz-as-trump-alternative/ |title=Conservative Catholics endorse Ted Cruz as Trump alternative |last=Gibson |first=David |date=March 19, 2016 |publisher=''Religion News'' |access-date=December 20, 2016}}</ref>

==Honors==
On December 8, 2008, George was awarded the [[Presidential Citizens Medal]] by President [[George W. Bush]].<ref name=nytimes />
On 2017 George was awarded as a Doctor Honoris Causa by the Universitat [[Abat Oliba CEU University]] from Barcelona, Catalonia.

==Perspectives of colleagues==

===Laudatory===
George has been called America's "most influential conservative Christian thinker" by David Kirkpatrick of the ''New York Times''.<ref name=nytimes>{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/20/magazine/20george-t.html | work=The New York Times | first=David D. | last=Kirkpatrick | title=The Conservative-Christian Big Thinker | date=20 December 2009|accessdate=27 June 2015}}</ref> Kirkpatrick goes on to state:{{quote|"George’s admirers say he is revitalizing a strain of Catholic natural-law thinking that goes back to St. [[Thomas Aquinas]]. His scholarship has earned him accolades from religious and secular institutions alike. In one notable week two years ago, he received invitations to deliver prestigious lectures at the Southern Baptist Theological Seminary and Harvard Law School."}}

In 2009, Supreme Court Justice and former Harvard Law School Dean [[Elena Kagan]] praised George as "one of the nation’s most respected legal theorists", saying that the respect he had gained was due to "his sheer brilliance, the analytic power of his arguments, the range of his knowledge", and "a deeply principled conviction, a profound and enduring integrity".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.senate.gov/fplayers/I2009/urlOfficeOpenPlayer.cfm?fn=9093039100519114801 |title=US Senate Url Video Player |publisher=Senate.gov |date= |accessdate=2015-06-27}}</ref> 

In announcing his election to Chair the U.S. Commission on International Religious Freedom in 2013, outgoing Chairwoman Katrina Lantos Swett, a Democrat appointed by Senate Majority Leader [[Harry Reid]], praised George as "a true human rights champion whose compassion for victims of oppression and wisdom about international religious freedom shine through all we have accomplished."<ref>{{cite web|title=Robert P. George Elected USCIRF Chair; Vice-Chairs Also Elected|url=http://www.uscirf.gov/news-room/press-releases/robert-p-george-elected-uscirf-chair-vice-chairs-also-elected|website=uscirf.gov|accessdate=1 February 2017}}</ref> George was described by ''[[The New Yorker]]'' in 2014 as "a widely respected conservative legal philosopher" who has "played [intellectual] godfather to right-leaning students on [the Princeton] campus."<ref>{{cite web|last1=Toobin|first1=Jeffrey|title=The Absolutist: Ted Cruz is an unyielding debater—and the far right’s most formidable advocate.|url=http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2014/06/30/140630fa_fact_toobin?currentPage=all|date = June 30, 2014 |website=|publisher=The New Yorker|accessdate=27 June 2015}}</ref>

==Teokset==

===Kirjat===
* ''Natural Law Theory: Contemporary Essays'', 1992. ISBN 0-19-823552-6
* ''Making Men Moral'', 1995. ISBN 0-19-826024-5
* ''Natural Law and Moral Inquiry: Ethics, Metaphysics, and Politics in the Work of Germain Grisez'', 1998. ISBN 0-87840-674-3
* ''In Defense of Natural Law'', 1999. ISBN 0-19-826771-1
* ''The Autonomy of Law: Essays on Legal Positivism'', 1999. ISBN 0-19-826790-8
* ''Natural Law and Public Reason'', 2000. ISBN 0-87840-766-9
* ''Great Cases in Constitutional Law'', 2000. ISBN 0-691-04952-1
* ''The Clash of Orthodoxies'', 2001. ISBN 1-882926-62-5
* ''Natural Law, Liberalism, and Morality'', 2001. ISBN 0-19-924300-X
* ''Constitutional Politics: Essays on Constitution Making, Maintenance, and Change'', 2001 ISBN 0-691-08869-1
* ''The Meaning of Marriage: Family, State, Market, And Morals'', 2006 ISBN 1-890626-64-3
* ''Body-Self Dualism in Contemporary Ethics and Politics'', 2007 ISBN 978-0-521-88248-4
* ''Embryo: A Defense of Human Life'', 2008 ISBN 0-385-52282-7
* ''Moral Pública: Debates Actuales'', 2009 ISBN 978-956-8639-05-1
* ''[[What Is Marriage? Man and Woman: A Defense]]'', 2012 ISBN 978-1594036224
* ''[[Conscience and Its Enemies: Confronting the Dogmas of Liberal Secularism]]'', 2013 ISBN 978-1610170703

===Artikkelit===
* "Law, Democracy, and Moral Disagreement", ''Harvard Law Review'', Vol. 110, pp.&nbsp;1388–1406 (1997)
* "Public Reason and Political Conflict:  Abortion and Homosexual Acts", ''Yale Law Journal'', Vol. 106, pp.&nbsp;2475–2504 (1997)
* "The Concept of Public Morality", ''American Journal of Jurisprudence'', Vol. 45, pp.&nbsp;17–31 (2000)
* "Human Cloning and Embryo Research", ''Journal of Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics'', Vol. 25, No. 1, pp.&nbsp;3–20 (2004)
* {{Cite journal|last=George |first=Robert P. |date=20 March 2009|title=He Threw It All Away |journal=[[First Things]]|url=http://www.firstthings.com/onthesquare/2009/03/he-threw-it-all-away |accessdate=20 July 2009}}

==Viitteet==
{{Reflist}}

==Linkit==
* [https://archive.org/stream/reauthorizationcivil00unit/reauthorizationcivil00unit_djvu.txt ''Full text of "Reauthorization of the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights: hearing..."'']
* [https://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/20/magazine/20george-t.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0 The Conservative-Christian Big Thinker, New York Times, Dec. 16, 2009]
* [http://www.ratzingerfanclub.com/George/ "Online Resources,"] collected by [http://www.RatzingerFanClub.com RatzingerFanClub.com]; lists links to articles, addresses and interviews, book reviews, etc.
* {{C-SPAN|robertpgeorge}}
* [http://touchstonemag.com/archives/author.php?id=68 Articles in ''Touchstone'' magazine]
* [http://www.ramlaw.com/content/robert-p-george Robert P. George's Robinson & McElwee profile]
* [http://www.encyclopedia.com/article-1G2-2284500076/george-robert-p-1955.html encyclopedia.com entry]